在新加坡,通奸本身并不是离婚的理由。唯一的离婚理由是在 《妇女宪章》第95(1)条款中规定的。 按照该条款规定,婚姻的任何一方都可以以婚姻已无可挽回地破裂为由提出离婚。如果法院认为准予离婚是公正和合理的,它将在调查事实后作出裁定。
然而,第95(3)条款限制了法院的权力,它规定,除非原告能够证明五种理由之一,否则法院不得认定婚姻已无可挽回地破裂。
第95(3)条款中提到的第一个理由是通奸。
什么是通奸?
通奸是指已婚人士自愿与非其配偶的人发生性关系。如果没有性交,您就不能证实通奸。
然而,仅有通奸行为是不够的。第95(3)条款规定,寻求离婚的人(原告)还必须证明通奸行为使其无法忍受与被告在一起生活。法院将审视双方的情况和性格,以确定原告在通奸后与被告生活在一起是否令人无法忍受。法院的检验标准是,一个正常人是否会认为这是不能容忍的。
证明通奸
新加坡法院对通奸罪的胜诉要求极高的证据标准。原告必须在权衡各种可能性的基础上证明与他人发生了性关系。
通常情况下,要找到性交的直接证据并不容易。除非被告承认并坦白了通奸行为,否则原告将不得不依靠其他来源来提供证据。可能有必要聘请私家侦探来获得通奸的直接证据。
如果没有视觉证据表明您的配偶与他人发生性关系,您可以提供间接证据证明被告有机会通奸。
例如,您的配偶和其他人进入酒店房间或在酒店房间逗留的照片或视频证据可能有助于您的案件。
同样,电子邮件、短信或其他形式的社交媒体通信的证据也可以作为通奸的间接证据。其他形式的证据,如机票、酒店预订、餐厅收据等,可以成为加强您的通奸指控的有用证据。曾经见过这对通奸者证人的书面证词,可以证实他们的交往表明有婚外情,可以帮助原告履行举证责任。
非婚生子女的存在以及证明孩子不是您的DNA证据将是婚外情的确凿证据。
证明通奸最终需要证明性侵入行为。单纯的亲密行为,如接吻或拥抱,不足以证明通奸。然而,此类证据可能是证明通奸的有价值的间接证据。
虽然证明通奸的责任很重,但法院在决定通奸行为是否使原告在通奸后无法忍受与被告生活在一起时,标准较低。一旦通奸行为被证实,法院很可能会认为原告与被告生活在一起是不可容忍的。
如果您不能证明通奸怎么办?
如果没有供词、没有私生子或其他直接证据,要成功地提出通奸的主张可能是很困难的。假设您不能找到足够的通奸证据,或者您配偶的行为没有达到通奸的定义。在这种情况下,《妇女宪章》提供了另一种离婚理由。
第95(3)(b)条款规定,如果被告的行为使原告无法合理地期望与被告生活在一起,法院可以认为婚姻已无可挽回地破裂。这一理由也被称为“不合理的行为”。经常性的调情或与第三人有亲密行为等行为可满足第95(3)(b)条款的要求。
如果您不能找到通奸的确凿证据,“不合理的行为”可能是您证明婚姻无可挽回地破裂的最佳选择。您只需要证明被告的行为使您不能合理地期望与被告继续生活在一起。您不需要证明通奸。您的配偶的不当行为或与他人的交往可能足以证明不合理的行为。有经验的离婚律师可以评估您的证据,并根据您的情况提出最佳行动方案。
以通奸为由提出索赔是否有时间限制?
是的,第95(5)(b)条款规定,原告必须在知悉该通奸行为后六个月内提出申索。如果原告在发现通奸行为后继续与被告生活超过六个月,原告就不能再以通奸为由提出离婚。
然而,当法院必须决定原告是否认为与被告生活在一起无法忍受时,在发现通奸行为后,对少于六个月的同居时间不予考虑。
如果原告决定原谅其配偶的通奸行为,并努力使之恢复正常,则应记住这六个月的期限。六个月后,就不能再以通奸为由提出离婚。在提出离婚前,如果您决定与被告一起生活超过6个月,那么证明与被告一起生活是无法忍受的,这也可能是一个挑战。
谁能以通奸为由提出离婚?
如果您是新加坡公民,在新加坡有住所,或在提出离婚前已在新加坡居住了至少三年,您就可以提出离婚。
第94条进一步规定,任何人不得在结婚的头三年提出离婚。在特殊情况下,第94(2)条款允许一方在结婚不到三年的情况下向法院申请离婚许可。
如果您结婚不到三年,法律上还不允许您提出离婚,那么六个月的期限可能会使事情复杂化。如果您发现你的配偶有通奸行为,而您结婚不到三年,您应该尽快咨询有经验的家庭律师。
请注意,通奸者不能以自己的通奸为由提出离婚。《妇女宪章》的措词明确指出,原告可以根据“被告犯有通奸罪,且原告认为无法忍受与被告一起生活”的事实提出离婚。
通奸行为的认定将如何影响您的离婚附属事项?
当法院对夫妻财产的分割、赡养费或对子女的照顾和监护作出裁决时,通奸行为本身不应产生负面影响。法院可以命令通奸者支付离婚诉讼费用,但这仍由法院酌情决定。
通奸在新加坡不是犯罪,法院在裁决附属事项时,“过错”并不是一个因素。
法院将根据 《妇女宪章》第112(2)条款对 夫妻财产的分割作出裁决。这意味着法院将按照法院认为公正和公平的比例下令进行财产分割。
在处理子女的福利问题时,最重要的考虑因素是子女的最大利益。如果通奸行为不影响被告成为一名好父母的能力,则不予以考虑。
然而,如果被告的生活方式可能会对子女产生负面影响,法院将予以考虑。例如,假设被告是一个连环通奸者或过着淫乱的生活,这会损害孩子的道德教育。在这种情况下,法院在下达与儿童福利有关的命令时将考虑到这一点。
从原告的角度来看,通奸不是获得“更好的交易”的途径。法院将依法行事。
发现您的配偶通奸可能令人伤心欲绝的。您可能会原谅你的配偶并解决问题,或者您可能决定申请离婚。如果您正在考虑离婚,您应该与一位有经验的家庭律师交谈。
在通奸离婚案件中,您需要准备充分的证据来满足举证的重任。经验丰富的家庭律师可以帮助您准备一个切实的案件,并满足举证责任。他们还将指导您为您的案件提供最佳选择和结果。
Frequently asked questions
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What is considered adultery in Singapore law?
Adultery is defined as voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and someone other than their spouse. Acts like flirting, dating, or kissing may indicate inappropriate behaviour but do not amount to adultery on their own.
Can I file for divorce on the ground of adultery?
Yes. Adultery is one of the recognised facts to show irretrievable breakdown of a marriage. The spouse filing must show that adultery occurred and that it is intolerable to continue living with the other party. Evidence is usually required, such as private investigator reports, messages, or clear admissions.
To use adultery as a ground for divorce:
- You must file within 6 months from the date you found out about the adultery.
- If you continued to live with your spouse for more than 6 months after discovering the adultery, the Court may consider that you condoned the act. In that case, you cannot rely on adultery as your ground for divorce.
How do I prove adultery in court?
Adultery and Divorce in Singapore - In Singapore, adultery must be proven with clear and convincing evidence because of its serious implications in divorce proceedings. Courts require more than suspicion — you must show that sexual intercourse took place.
Evidence can take the form of:
- A spouse’s admission of the affair.
- DNA evidence of a child born outside the marriage.
- Circumstantial evidence, such as hotel records, private investigator reports, or digital communications that demonstrate both intent and opportunity for sexual intercourse.
Mere suspicion, or acts like flirting, holding hands or kissing, are not enough. The burden of proof is high because adultery directly questions the integrity of the marriage, so the Court will not accept weak or speculative claims.
However, if such behaviour exists, you may still rely on it as part of a claim for unreasonable behaviour, which is the most common ground for divorce in Singapore.
Because the burden of proof for adultery is high (and often requires costly private investigator reports), many clients choose unreasonable behaviour instead, as it is easier and less expensive to establish.
Is there a time limit for filing divorce on adultery grounds?
Yes. You must file within six months of discovering the adultery. If you continue to live with your spouse for more than six months after finding out, you may lose the right to rely on adultery as your ground for divorce.
How much does it cost to hire a private investigator (PI) for divorce adultery cases?
When adultery is used as the ground for divorce, the Court usually requires clear proof - and this often means engaging a licensed private investigator. In Singapore, PI fees typically start from $3,000 and can exceed $15,000, depending on how long the surveillance takes and how complex the investigation is. These costs are in addition to your legal fees. Because PI work can be expensive, many spouses choose instead to file under “unreasonable behaviour”, which does not require a PI’s involvement. This ground is also the most frequently used in Singapore, as it is often simpler and more affordable to establish.
What if I cannot prove adultery?
If there is no strong proof, you may still be able to file for divorce under the ground of “unreasonable behaviour.” This requires showing that your spouse acted in a way that makes it unreasonable for you to continue living together.
Does adultery affect custody, property division or maintenance?
Generally, no. Singapore divorce law does not punish “fault” in ancillary matters. Custody is decided based on the best interests of the children, while assets and maintenance are assessed on contributions and fairness, not adultery.
Should I hire a lawyer for an adultery divorce case?
Yes. Adultery cases require a high standard of proof and careful presentation of evidence. A divorce lawyer can help assess your case, advise whether adultery or another ground is more suitable, and represent you throughout the process
What if I cannot prove adultery but strongly suspect it?
If there is not enough evidence for adultery, you may still rely on unreasonable behaviour. For example, unexplained overnight absences, close relationships with a third party, or neglect of the marriage may be sufficient for the Court to find unreasonable behaviour.